Day: September 11, 2023

The Montenegrin question now

Former Montenegrin Foreign Minister and Ambassador to the United States Miodrag Vlahović, who is now President of the Helsinki Commission in Podgorica, writes:

Problems for Milojko Spajić, the Prime Minister-designate for composition of the government of Montenegro, were easy to predict.

He got what he wanted. After six hours of discussion, the Main Board of the Europe Now Movement decided by an overwhelming majority not to invite pro-Serbian/pro-Russian parties into the government. This caused a “rebellion” in the ranks of its smaller coalition partners and “civic lists,” which have three MPs in the Parliament of Montenegro. 

So, now the long-lasting dispute and disagreement between Spajić and newly elected President Milatović, is out in the open. President Milatović, Vice President of Europe Now!, has advocated participation of the main pro-Serbian/pro-Russian coalition in the new government.

Milatović’s friends are unhappy

The pro-Serbian, pro-Russian coalition “For the Future of Montenegro” (ex-Democratic Front) is infuriated. Long favorites of Serbian President Vučić and Russian President Putin, its leaders are openly xenophobic and ethnic nationalist. Their main accusation is “treason” and their main target is the Bosniak Party. Why should Bosniaks deal with problems that do not concern only Bosniaks? They attack the civic concept of Montenegrin society.

The Church of Serbia is a mainstay of that attack. Together with the pro-Serbian/pro-Russian parties, it organized a mass rally in an effort to exert its enormous and destructive influence.

Serbian President Vučić is disappointed. His new “trump card” in Montenegro – President Milatović – appears unable to channel the development of the situation in the Serbian direction. Vučić still hopes to find MPs in Europe Now! who can be subjected to Belgrade, Moscow’s, and Church influence.

There is an alternative, but…

It remains to be seen whether – and under what conditions – Spajić could open his governing coalition to his rivals in the Democratic Party of Socialists, the Social Democrats, and the Liberal Party. The chances are slim. The psychological and political barriers are high.

But without their support, Spajić’s government will be weak and unstable, with a 41 to 40 majority. He may even need Social Democrats to reach that margin.

An unstable government or new elections – that is the Montenegrin question now. 

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Failure is definitely an option

Things are coming apart in the Balkans, where a sometimes uneasy peace has prevailed for more than two decades. War in the 1990s mode is unlikely. No one can sustain a conflict like the one in Bosnia, which lasted more than three years. Nor would the NATO-led forces in Kosovo tolerate a full-scale Serbian invasion of its entire territory. But instability, armed clashes, ethnic strife, and dysfunction are more than possible. They are likely. US and EU policies and practices are not helping.

Dodik threatens Bosnia and Herzegovina with secession

Milorad Dodik is back as president of the Serb-majority entity (Republika Srpska, or RS) that governs on 49% of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He has continued to salami-slice his way towards independence, de facto if not de jure. Recent moves include two notable ones. The RS Assembly has passed legislation that purports to invalidate the jurisdiction of Bosnia’s judicial system. In addition, Dodik himself has declared that the international community High Representative, responsible for the Dayton peace agreement, will be arrested if he enters RS territory. Both moves violate both the spirit and letter of the Dayton agreements. But apart from declaring the former invalid the HiRep, Washington, and Brussels have done nothing to counter them.

Dodik has also built up the police forces of the RS, obtained ample armaments and financing from Russia, and successfully enlisted Hungary to block any EU sanctions Brussels might propose. Washington has sanctioned him both for his challenges to Dayton and for blatant corrupt practices. But the lack of a unified Western response invites further salami slices. So too does Dodik’s warming relationship with Belgrade, which is seeking a “Serbian world” that incorporates the Serb populations of neighboring countries.

Vucic threatens part of Kosovo

That is an even more serious threat in Kosovo. Serbia already controls four Serb-majority municipalities north of the Ibar River contiguous with the border Belgrade calls a “boundary.” With encouragement from Belgrade, the Serbs there have abandoned the Kosovo institutions, boycotted recent elections, and rioted against installation of the non-Serb mayors who were consequently elected. Serbia has kidnapped Kosovo police from Kosovo territory, mobilized its army along the border/boundary, intimidated Serbs into leaving the Kosovo Security Force, threatened North Macedonia and Montenegro for having recognized Kosovo, and rejected agreements reached with Pristina that the US and EU claim are legally binding. The Americans and Europeans have responded only with mild verbal reprimands.

That has not been true for Pristina, which has incurred “consequences” for its insistence on installing the non-Serb mayors in their offices and deploying paramilitary police in response to disorder. While northern Kosovo has calmed since the spring, US and EU diplomats are still insisting on their own demands for withdrawal of Kosovo police from Kosovo’s sovereign territory. Meanwhile, Serbian President Vucic has been busy trying to prevent Ukraine from recognizing Kosovo independence, in clear violation of the agreement the Europeans and Americans say is binding.

Vucic also threatens the whole of Montenegro

The situation is even less salubrious in NATO member Montenegro. It lacks a fully empowered government following June elections. The President wants Russophilic political parties in the government. The Prime Minister-designate does not, but he also resists bringing in the former ruling party, the Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS). The result will either be a government with a thin majority in parliament or new elections. In any new election, Serbia will pull out all the stops to support the Russophiles, who are also pro-Serbian.

The obvious solution would be a coalition between the Europe Now! winners of the June election and DPS, which is also pro-European. But Belgrade will exert enormous pressure on the President and Prime Minister-designate to prevent such a combination. Serbia sees the possibility of regaining de facto, if not de jure, control of all of Montenegro. That would eliminate a potential rival for EU membership. It would also render Montenegro’s NATO membership a practical dead letter. Podgorica would continue to be a member, but serve Russian interests.

Blind to the obvious

The sources of threats in the Balkans to peace, stability, and progress towards the EU are clear. They lie in Banja Luka and Belgrade. Moscow supports both. But Brussels and Washington remain blind to the obvious. They are still trying to bend Bosnia, Kosovo, and Montenegro in directions the majority does not want to go. Failure is an option. Now is the time to re-assess and correct course. Democracy and rule of law require it.

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Stevenson’s army, September 11

– Intercept says Africom leader misled Congress.

– In FP, Cato analysts say Colombia is not proof US military can stop drug cartels.

– NYT says some Members oppose Ukraine aid despite benefits to their districts.

– Lawfare draws security assistance lessons from Ukraine.

My SAIS colleague Charlie Stevenson distributes this almost daily news digest of foreign/defense/national security policy to “Stevenson’s army” via Googlegroups. I republish here, with occasional videos of my choice. To get Stevenson’s army by email, send a blank email (no subject or text in the body) to stevensons-army+subscribe@googlegroups.com. You’ll get an email confirming your join request. Click “Join This Group” and follow the instructions to join. Once you have joined, you can adjust your email delivery preferences (if you want every email or a digest of the emails).

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